Excess salt causes cerebral neuronal apoptosis and inflammation in stroke-prone hypertensive rats through angiotensin II-induced NADPH oxidase activation.

نویسندگان

  • Eiichiro Yamamoto
  • Nobuaki Tamamaki
  • Taishi Nakamura
  • Keiichiro Kataoka
  • Yoshiko Tokutomi
  • Yi-Fei Dong
  • Masaya Fukuda
  • Shinji Matsuba
  • Hisao Ogawa
  • Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama
چکیده

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The precise mechanism of salt-induced brain injury is unclear. We examined the detailed causative role of angiotensin II and NADPH oxidase in salt-accelerated brain injury of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). METHODS We examined the effect of salt loading on brain reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, and apoptosis in SHRSP. Salt-loaded SHRSP were given vehicle, valsartan (an angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker), or hydralazine to compare their efficacy on brain injury. We also examined the efficacy of apocynin (a NADPH oxidase inhibitor) on brain injury of salt-loaded SHRSP. RESULTS Cerebral NADPH oxidase activity and ROS in SHRSP were already increased at 1 week after salt loading followed by the significant increase in ED-1-positive cells and neuronal apoptosis. Thus, cerebral NADPH oxidase activation preceded cerebral inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Despite comparable hypotensive effects between valsartan and hydralazine in salt-loaded SHRSP, valsartan reduced cerebral NADPH oxidase activity and ROS more than hydralazine being accompanied by more prevention of stroke by valsartan than hydralazine. Valsartan, but not hydralazine, prevented neuronal apoptosis, being associated with the suppression of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 activation by valsartan. Moreover, cerebral inflammation was also prevented by valsartan more than hydralazine, being associated with more suppression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expressions by valsartan. Thus, angiotensin II was directly involved in salt-induced neuronal NADPH oxidase activation, ROS, apoptosis, and inflammation in SHRSP. Apocynin attenuated the enhancement of ROS, cerebral inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 activation and prevented stroke in salt-loaded SHRSP, indicating the causative role of cerebral NADPH oxidase in salt-induced brain injury. CONCLUSIONS We obtained the evidence that excess salt, through ROS produced by angiotensin II-activated NADPH oxidase, caused cerebral neuronal apoptosis and inflammation as well as stroke in SHRSP.

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عنوان ژورنال:
  • Stroke

دوره 39 11  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2008